Ideology of the films Essay

I. Presentation Feature movies, for example, Star Wars and The Terminator last only two or three hours, yet they take months or even a very long time to make. Enormous groups of individuals are engaged with getting ready for the activity, and afterward catching it on camera. At that point, when the acting has completed, all the more difficult work starts on transforming the activity into a film fit for film and TV screens. This paper contemplates (1) who were the primary movie producers; (2) know the improvement of film around the world; (3) know about the various kinds of current film and; (4) make sense of the film-production at present. II. Foundation A. The primary producers The principal individuals to develop hardware for making films were the Americans W. K. L. Dickson and Thomas Edison, in the mid 1890s. Their contraption comprised of a camera called the Kinetograph and a survey box called the Kinetoscope. Just a single individual at a time could investigate the review box to watch the film, which was clearly, had no stable and kept going only a couple of moments. Two French siblings called Auguste and Louis Lumiere first concocted a method of anticipating film pictures onto a huge screen for a group of people. The Lumiere siblings considered their mechanical assembly the Cinematographe. They completed their first showing in a Paris bistro in December 1895. Individuals were dazed to see the huge, moving pictures. Different designers promptly started making new sorts of projectors and exploring different avenues regarding making their own movies. ? Early film-production thoughts Film cameras don't record development. The moving pictures we see on screen are in reality despite everything photos, taken so rapidly in a steady progression that they appear to blend. Each despite everything photo is known as an edge. Most film cameras today take 24 casings consistently, on a major reel of film that is twisted consistently through the camera. The primary film cameras, however, could take just 16 edges each second. The length of the film on the reel was 20 or 25 meters, which gave pretty much one moment of screen time. So the main movies ordinarily demonstrated only one, short scene. For instance, L’Arroseur Arrose (A Trick on the Gardener) by the Lumiere siblings, made in 1895. The main film with more than one scene was likely Come Along Do! , created by the Robert Paul organization in Britain in 1898. The organization joined a scene outside a workmanship exhibition with a scene inside. A movie producer called George Melies started to deliver multi-scene films, for example, Cinderella (1899). Melies additionally explored different avenues regarding fascinating approaches to consolidate the scenes. He regularly utilized hardware, for example, slides and enchantment lights, to make embellishments. When the new century rolled over, two British movie producers working independently in Brighton concocted imaginative thoughts for shooting the scenes themselves. George Albert Smith concocted a method for shooting a scene from various camera positions. In The Little Doctors (1901), a scene demonstrating someone taking care of medication to a cat is indicated first from a separation, at that point in close-up, at that point from a separation once more. James Williamson had an alternate ideaâ€to shoot a bit of activity over a few scenes, rather than only one. In Stop Thief! (1901), the lead character comes up short on one scene, at that point the film slices to another scene somewhere else and the lead character runs into the scene, proceeding with the story. An American movie producer called Edwin S. Doorman utilized thoughts like these particularly adequately in a 1903 film called The Great Train Robbery. III. Conversation A. The Development of Cinema Worldwide In the beginning of film-production there were no films. Movie producers utilized pro deals associations to offer their movies to amusement coordinators, who anticipated them as a major aspect of theatrical presentations in tent theaters. From 1905 to 1908 in the United States, a huge number of theaters (known as nickelodeons) were set up particularly for film. Lasting film theaters were additionally settled across Europe, and film-production turned into a blasting business. From 1908 a main community for American film-production created in a territory of southern California called Hollywood. Set up British and French film organizations were joined by thriving film enterprises everywhere throughout the world. An Italian film organization created the primary enormous scope film in 1912. It was called Quo Vadis? , and utilized monstrous film sets and in excess of 5,000 on-screen characters. Film-going turned out to be well known to the point that from 1914 many sumptuous films called picture royal residences were made. They could situate a great many individuals one after another. Film-organizations started to make films that went on for a few reels rather than only one. Picture royal residence crowds needed to hold up in the center of a film while the projectionist changed reels. Movies in those days were quiet, so picture royal residences as a rule had a musician or organist who played music to go with the activity. Movie producers likewise remembered short composed sentences for the film to add to the story or clarify what the entertainers were stating. One of the most well known quiet film stars was the British on-screen character Charlie Chaplin (1889-1977), who made the loveable character of the â€Å"little tramp† who had an interesting walk. Many film organizations explored different avenues regarding vivified drawings and models, just as human on-screen characters. European film organizations presented making data films about occasions in the news, just as movies for diversion. ? Shading and Sound From the mid 1900s, creators had taken a shot at films with shading and sound. The principal forward leap with shading came in 1908 in London, when G. A. Smith showed a shading film process called Kinemacolour. In any case, Kinemacolour conceals depended on only two hues, so films kept on being made clearly. The main shading movies to be made effectively from two hues were Toll of the Sea and The Black Pirate, appeared to the general population in 1922. In 1926 the American film organization Warner Brothers charmed crowds with a progression of short movies that had sound to coordinate the photos. As the sound was recorded on a different plate, the words didn't generally coordinate the mouth developments of the on-screen characters. Warner Brothers’ The Jazz Singer was the principal full-length talkie, in 1927. The film organization Fox before long built up an increasingly viable strategy for recording the sound onto the film itself. During the 1930s, Hollywood film organizations benefited as much as possible from the new solid innovation by making musicals with singing and moving stars, for example, Shirley Temple, and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Hoodlum talkies and lighthearted comedies were famous in the United States and Britain, in spite of the fact that as of now the Japanese film industry was the biggest maker of movies on the planet. In 1934, the Bombay Talkies studio was shaped in India, establishing one of the greatest film ventures on the planet. While film organizations had been occupied with making talkies, they had additionally been chipping away at consummating shading in films. At long last a procedure was built up that pre-owned three hues to make various shades, as opposed to only two. In 1935, the initial three-strip Technicolor film was created, Becky Sharp. From that point on, moving pictures not just sounded genuine, they looked genuine as well. B. Various Types of Modern Films Since the good 'ol days, a wide range of types, or types, of highlight film have been made. These incorporate westerns, (for example, The Magnificent Seven), spine chillers (The Fugitive), comedies (Home Alone), activity experiences (Indiana Jones), otherworldly repulsiveness (Dracula), war sagas (The Great Escape), rom-coms (When Harry Met Sally). Wrongdoing and hoodlum films (The Godfather), films with activity (Who Framed Roger Rabbit? ), spy undertakings (Mission Impossible), kung-fu spectacles (Enter the Dragon), sci-fi (E.T. â€The Extraterrestrial) and present day musicals (Grease and Moulin Rouge). Now and then movies join at least two classes. A few movies are delivered with three-dimensional innovation, so that in the event that you wear uncommon glasses, the pictures on-screen seem to have more profundity, much the same as, in actuality. Different movies are made for IMAX films. These uncommon films have goliath measured screens with modern sound frameworks to cause you to feel as though you are directly in the center of the activity. IV. Determination A. Film-production today Film-production requires distinctive expert staff and specialized procedures, contingent upon what the film is about. All movies experience three expansive stages before they are prepared for a group of people. During the pre-creation stage all the arrangements are made for shooting. The maker picks the story, fund-raises and utilizes the individuals who will chip away at the film. The scriptwriter composes the words, making an energizing plot and fascinating characters. The chief settles on the general style of the film and picks the main on-screen characters. The workmanship executive is responsible for fashioners for the film sets, ensembles and cosmetics, and picking areas outside the studio. Specialized chiefs are accountable for groups who manufacture immense film sets and organize lighting, sound and enhancements. The creation chief controls the financial plan and makes commonsense courses of action for recording. During the creation stage shooting happens. Stories are not normally recorded organized appropriately. The entertainers and group film all the scenes that happen in one area before proceeding onward to another. The executive aides the innovative components of the film, from offering thoughts on the story, to educating the on-screen characters, to picking camera edges. The chief is helped by individuals in various divisions. For example, a progression individual ensures that all the subtleties are right in scenes that are shot out of grouping, (for example, the actors’ garments and length of their hair). That way, when the shot scenes are placed into the correct request later, they will run together easily. The after creation stage happens when all the activity has been shot. An editorial manager cuts arrangements of activity and consolidates them, including the sound. At the point when the chief and maker are content with it, the completed film is then prepared for conveyance organizations to offer to films or TV organizations.

Jugaad Innovation Technique and Managerial Practice †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Jugaad Innovation Technique and Practice. Answer: Presentation The accompanying paper talks about the utilization of the Indian expression jugaad in the administrative practice and the matter of advancement in the working environments. This term implies the significance of suggesting the development procedure in the working environments. This encourages the associations to be imaginative in their working zones and rouses them to get the progressions that will be natural for their prosperity. The administrative act of advancement will be a lot of significant in the Indian administrative setting and it will be exceptionally noteworthy if these ways to deal with development are applied to the administrative act of Australia. Clearly the authoritative culture is totally extraordinary between that of India and Australia. The picked association for the paper is the Adani Group that is situated in India and is a gigantic association in the worldwide setting. The idea of jugaad or development approach must be incorporated into the business practice of A ustralia with the goal that the associations can enhance new things and progress in their significant ventures. The idea of jugaad The idea of jugaad is a significant one in the Indian administrative practices. This absolutely implies the ways to deal with development (Radjou, Prabhu Ahuja, 2012). This is a Hindi word and this reflects how the development practices could prompt the achievement of the associations. In India, the working environments are completely obliged with the assorted workforces (Radjou et al., 2012). The brutal risky circumstances ought to be overwhelmed by the imaginative methodologies inside the association and viable arrangements ought to be tended to in spite of having exceptionally constrained assets. There have been a wide range of needs India with respect to the assets, appropriate workforce, preparing of the representatives and numerous different things. In any case, the administrations can't be halted despite these issues. The interconnectivity among the clients and the specialist co-ops is a significant issue to be sifted through thusly (Radjou, Prabhu Ahuja, 2012). Execution of the Jugaad procedure The assets are restricted however the development must be accomplished. In these conditions, jugaad trailblazers will be hoping to apply such strategies by which the associations can streamline their benefits and lead the associations towards their development (Radjou et al., 2012). The associations must have a legitimate manageability in India in light of the fact that the business conditions are not appropriate and supportive for the associations to develop. The corporate associations ought to get ready items that will be fitting as indicated by the requirements of the market. The misfortunes in the associations ought to be investigated with a more profound sense and the arrangements ought to be tended to inside a less expensive rate according to the economy of India. The jugaad pioneers don't depend on the exorbitant RD forms, pre-arranged procedures that are tedious too (Schiederig, Tietze Herstatt, 2012). They rely upon moving toward the clients with the likely arrangements of t he issues and ask inputs from them. They center around the general highlights of the items and the trailblazers must move toward the clients progressively. Thriftiness in jugaad advancement strategy The jugaad trailblazers are a lot of cheap in nature. They don't utilize the RD advancements in their working fields yet they advance new advances that will expand on the previously existing foundations (Radjou et al., 2012). The frameworks and the advantages of the association are utilized broadly to that will spare their activity costs just as making them effective in their missions also. The jugaad trend-setters consistently improve quicker and less expensive from various perspectives that causes the associations to develop and extend forward with a ton of benefits. It is a consuming certainty the jugaad pioneers have discovered that the clients of the developing firms don't win colossal cash however they are high yearners. The jugaad trailblazers attempt to fulfill the wants of the clients by giving them the best arrangements that will oblige their procuring levels. The low gaining clients will be fulfilled by the imaginative examples of the jugaad trailblazers (Bhatti, 2013). Hierarchical culture of the Adani Group The Adani Group is an all around built up coordinated association whose headquarter is arranged at Ahmadabad in India (Adani Group | Global Integrated Infrastructure Company, 2017). The Chairman of the association is Gautam Adani. They lead numerous kinds of organizations that incorporate assets, dealings in the vitality division, coordinations and others also. They are the producers of the Fortune Oil that is Indias biggest utilized eatable oil. The association started its excursion in the year 1988 (Adani Group | Global Integrated Infrastructure Company, 2017). The authoritative culture of the association is a very efficient and the representatives share a generally excellent relationship with one another (Alvesson, 2012). In their vision they have expressed to be the worldwide pioneers in their individual industry (Adani Group | Global Integrated Infrastructure Company, 2017). As their business industry is respected to the incorporated business foundation, they plan to be the pioneers during the time spent country making. The aspiration levels of the association are high and they have executed their arrangements in an extraordinary way and they will be hoping to address the circumstances in a positive manner (Alvesson, 2012). Their activity quality is a lot of better than their adversaries too. This is the reason they have prevailing in the worldwide business activities in a shorter time length. They have some specific qualities that they include fused inside their business activities. They like to enhance new thoughts inside the authorita tive activities that help them to remain a stride ahead consistently. They have a lot of trust and confidence in their representatives and the partners. The workers give back with a similar sort of trust also (Anitha, 2014). The guarantees they have made to their partners and they will keep those guarantees. They are locked in to keep up a high evaluation of business tasks (Adani Group | Global Integrated Infrastructure Company, 2017). They are abundantly devoted to their working efficacies and carrying the accomplishment to the associations. This commitment has consistently yielded great outcomes for the. They have been extremely effective in doing their tasks and accomplishing the ideal targets of the association. They have been working across different capacities that would assist them with creating collaborations in their working fields. These different kinds of organizations would assist them with staying associated with their representatives and advance new plans to be fruitful. They are steadily endeavoring to accomplish their objectives. They are continually hoping to make new open doors for improvement through different savvy ways. The Indian firms like Adani have constrained its approach to utilize the jugaad strategy in the working fields and apply them to push the advancement procedure to a more noteworthy breaking point (Amit Zott, 2012). It is critical to comprehend the issues of the clients and at ex actly that point those issues could be unraveled by the associations in a superior manner. These issues ought to be settled by a way that the expense of the arrangement ought to be at the base and the fulfillment of the clients can be accomplished also. It must be comprehended that the connection among advancement and innovativeness is a profound one yet the fundamental distinction is inventiveness is tied in with giving another thought for improvement and development is about execution of that thought (Webber, 2016). The asset assignments must be picked well alongside building the correct group for execution of the arrangement. The new items must be propelled into the market by executing the best plans accessible in the market. The objective individuals must be reached so as to comprehend what sort of items they need inside what kind of value run. The organizations in the developing markets should plan to arrive at the objective markets especially to fulfill the necessities of the clients (Best, 2012). Jugaad in Australian administrative practice Themanagement savants have seen the matter of jugaad from numerous points and they have been singing the commendation of this development procedure to be brought into the administrative act of the Australian firms. The jugaad development procedure has been extremely fruitful in the Indian associations. This can be fused in the Australian associations too. On the off chance that the Western organizations can embrace this jugaad advancement in their authoritative tasks they will be especially profited by different points (Krasnikov Jayachandran, 2013). As this is a serious business world thus numerous factors accessible in the market, the clients need the items that can fit into their utilization profile consummately inside their ideal value extend. This will be a help for them and the organizations, who can orchestrate this, would see the benefits in their associations. There is a term in the Australian administrative practice as bodge that implies same as that of jugaad (Radjou, 2012 ). All things considered, there is a colossal possibility for the Australian associations to bring the jugaad advancement into their works by which they would have the option to make a lot of benefit by serving progressively number of clients and decreasing the activity costs. Advantages of utilizing jugaad development in Australia India has improved its economy by concentrating on the cost-compromising cutting procedures. This has been fascinating thing with regards to the cutting edge business settings. The Australian associations should hope to ad lib all the business matter and comprehend the requests of their clients emphatically. This will drive them to address the circumstances in a superior manner than the present. In this situation, the associations will be hoping to actualize the progressions inside the business setting of Australia. The data innovation administrations of Australia ought to be improved if t

The not so Thankful Thanksgiving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The not all that Thankful Thanksgiving - Essay Example At around 8 P.M the leftovers of the turkey were put in the cooler. From the prior portrayal of the exercises and the ensuing occasions that unfolded, clearly the Gibsons' and their visitors had contracted Enteritis. This is a provocative malady of the digestive system, joined as a rule by stomach agony or issues, fever, loss of craving, queasiness, and looseness of the bowels. (Enteritis). The most widely recognized miniaturized scale living beings adding to food borne ailments related with turkey are Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shigella and Staphylococcus aureus (Onset, Duration, and Symptoms of Food borne Illness). Considering the hour of beginning and the lab reports of the Gibsons' clearly the creature included is Salmonella serotype Enteritidis bacterium. The turkey was left at room temperature for 4 hours from 2:00 PM to 6:00 PM. The salmonella microorganisms duplicates quickly in prepared food which is left at room temperature and the cooked turkey gets unfit for utilization following two hours in the event that it is left at room temperature. (Turkey taking care of, capacity and wellbeing). Likewise the vast majority of the salmonella enteritidis diseases don't require a lot of treatment. So the Gibsons were released by the medical clinic subsequent to being treated as out patients and henceforth they returned home with no intricate treatment. The variables

World War 1 - America - PTSD Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Free Essay Example

1.1 Introduction: When World War1 broke out in 1914, it ended almost 100 years of relative peace in Europe. America at that time adopted a policy of neutrality and isolation regarding war. This approach was fully supported by the people of America at that time but later, in 1917 the German submarines entered the US marine territories against which the US government finally had to break the ice. So, as a reaction to German invasion America finally launched a counter attack and consequently the whole nation plunged into the great World War1. Unaware of the consequences America unwillingly had to participate in the greatest holocaust of the world known as the World War1. America would never have become a part of World War1 and have stuck to its neutral policy but the German submarines defied the US marine laws and entered the US territories on January 9th, 1917. Woodrow Wilson the US president at that time finally asked congress to declare war on Germany and it was April 2nd, 1917. As a result of this legitimate order America joined the war along with the other Allies. On the other hand the continent of Europe was under the attack of war where World War1 rose like a wall of blood red mountains. Despite having massive military and great weapons war killed ten million Europeans, most of them were young soldiers, nurses and subjects and all became the victims of ultimate death brought by heavy war weapons, flying jets and bullets swimming in the air. It was deaths command everywhere and when death comes to its empire it kills all what it finds. Similar was the situation in America where men, women and children all were on the mercy of a single bullet. Four million American soldiers were killed in war and almost equal number of civilians got killed and injured men, women and children left homeless due to the great wreckage all around with the spread of epidemic disease that resulted in the cause of further deaths of many civilians. It was a chaotic situation after the war ended in 1919. People were completely disillusioned and stunned by the aftermaths of the World War1. They were hopeless and unaware of their futures. The basic matrix of life was completely dissolved by the cruel war and human civilization became a victim of demolition. People lost their faith in basic norms and values of life as war took away with it their hopes, happiness and loved ones too. They seemed completely lost with having no basic aim behind being alive. Young men and women of America started living like herds of sheep and were spending life just for the sake of killing time. Eventually the war ended but it left behind its impact on the mind of masses and its terror got stored into the minds of the post-war generations. People became mentally sick and even after the war was over they felt its aftershocks later on in their lives. World War1 was the greatest trauma of the lives of a great number of Americans who survived the brutal attack of the war. The post-war American race became a victim of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and other mental disorders which were the result of the shocks given by the World War1. PTSD is a severe kind of state of mind after a great shock or accident that leads a human being to become a patient of insomnia and several other mental retardations. Almost each community and every class in Americas post-war society became a victim of PTSD which became a cause of disbelief and disgracing of the traditional life style on part of American generation. Watching all the above mentioned events and incidents in the midst of the battle fields and among the victims of the World War1 was present Ernest Hemingway, an American Red Cross ambulance driver who witnessed and used all these war events and post-war condition of the society as a backdrop of his literary works. Hemingway represented the American society and a post-war perturbed American generation which is known as the Lost Generation of America. Hemingway being a spokesman of the lost generation, masterly managed to give a unique account of events and incidents that took place in the war and changed the lives of millions of Americans. Hemingways main concern was the American society and its members who were suffering from a post-war disturbed psychological state of mind. Aiken (1926) writes in his essay as edited by Meyers (1982) as follows: The half dozen characters, all of whom belong to the curious and sad little world of disillusioned and aimless expatriates who make what home they can in the cafes of Paris, are seen perfectly and unsentimentally by Mr. Hemingway and are put before us with a maximum of economy 1. (90) As we know wars have always been a cause of destruction, devastation and demolition on a great scale since the descent of mankind on earth. There is no doubt that wars shatter the matrix of human civilization and bring forth despair, death and disease for mankind. Surpassing all the previous wars, the great World-Wars dismantled the hopes, dreams and races on a large scale and nations falling victims of disillusionment, aimlessness and mental stress and physical disorders. One of the greatest diseases that damage the brain after a war is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a severe state of human mind after a shock or a trauma. Durand and Barlow (2000) comment on PTSD as follows: In recent years we have heard a great deal about the severe and long-lasting emotional disorders that can occur after a variety of traumatic events. Perhaps the most impressive traumatic event is war, but emotional disorders also occur after physical assault (particularly rape), car accidents, natural catastrophes, or the sudden death of a loved one. The emotional disorder that follows a trauma is known as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2. (131) Then I. Sarason and Sarason (2006) in their book on Abnormal Psychology comment: PTSD involves an extreme experience, such as war, a natural catastrophe (for instance an earthquake), a physical assault, or a serious car crash. The traumas range from those that are directly experienced (e.g., being threatened with death) to those that are witnessed (e.g., family member being threatened with death). The onset of the clinical condition in posttraumatic disorders varies from soon after the trauma to long after it has occurred. Most studies have found higher rates among women than men. The prevalence of PTSD in the general population is about 0.5% in men and 1.2% in women (Andreasen and Black, 2001). Because life today is considered to be high in trauma for the population in general, it is estimated that Americans currently have a 5 to 10% chance of developing PTSD at sometime during their lifetimes. The combination of vulnerability factors and exposures earlier in life to traumatic experiences increases the likelihood of PTSD. For instance, having been abused as a ch ild or have had other previous traumatic experiences increases the risk for PTSD, especially for individuals who generally have emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression 3. (256) Now keeping in mind the American society which is the sole area of our research, we found the reason behind PTSD in American society and the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in his works. And that reason was the First World War and its aftermath. The lives of millions of people were badly influenced by World War I in America and in Europe as well. The great holocaust changed the whole concept of life by destroying the basic norms and traditional beliefs in all parts of the world. Priestley (1962) comments on World War I as follows: In the very middle of this age the First World War rises like a wall of blood-red mountains. Its frenzied butchery, indefensible even on a military basis, killed at least ten million Europeans, mostly young and free from obvious physical defects. After being dressed in uniform, fed and drilled, cheered and cried over before they were packed into their cattle-trunks, these ten million were then filled with hot lead, ripped apart by shell splinters, blown to bits, bayoneted in the belly, choked with poison gas, suffocated in mud, trampled to death or drowned, buried in collapsing dugouts, dropped out of burning aero planes, or allowed to die of diseases, after rotting to long in trenches that they shared with syphilitic rats and typhus-infested lice. Death, having come into his empire, demands the best, and got it 4. (321) Almost all the works of Ernest Hemingway are a result of his first-hand experience of war and his staunch observation of life around him. Most of his works prove to be autobiographical in nature and Cooperman (1964) comments on autobiographical nature of Hemingways works as follows: Three elements in Hemingways life shaped many of his attitudes, and indeed shaped much of his works: the fact that in World War I, he suffered a painful and terrible mortar wound, which made him conscious of the dread possibilities of the loss of manhood; the fact that his father committed suicide; and the fact of his growing old and the fears created by old age itself. Similar to Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, and Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway was afflicted with the fear of letting go and the fear of thinking. The nightmare of chaos, of passivity, loss of will, loss of initiative, loss of masculine role was a terrible nightmare, and one to be avoided at all costs 5. (85-92) It has already been observed that all the Hemingway fiction comes from his war experiences and the aftermath of the war. Many critics have commented on this experience-based technique of Ernest Hemingway. According to Putnam (2006), Tobias Wolff at the Hemingway centennial celebration said, Hemingways great war work deals with aftermath. It deals with what happens to the soul in war and how people deal with that afterward. Putnam (2006) further comments: No American writer is more associated with writing about war in the early 20th century than Ernest Hemingway. He experienced it firsthand, wrote dispatches from innumerable frontlines, and used war as a backdrop for many of his most memorable works 6. Ernest Hemingway is best known as the representative of the Lost Generation of America. He as an artist and writer of literature selected characters from the post-war American society as he was himself a member of that society and he observed it staunchly. Most of his works are based on his personal experience of the society and that is why he is often himself present in his novels as a leading character. Asselineau (1980) comments on Hemingways fiction as follows: It was indeed a lost generation in more senses than one. Yet, Hemingway among others survived the Great War for over forty years and, after appearing as the cynical and disillusioned Byron of twentieth century, ultimately turned into a new teacher of athletes and a professeur d energie a la Barres. A rather surprising change and a very spectacular recovery, which we can follow step by step in his works, since his novels make up an interminable Bildungsroman whose hero is always himself 7. While going through the works of Ernest Hemingway one realizes that Hemingway has very skillfully managed to present before us a group of expatriates who had left their homeland America after getting disillusioned by the war and were living as useless people in different parts of Europe under a special code of life. Asselineau (1980) comments as follows: All the veterans of foreign wars who appeared in Hemingways fiction are united by a common belief in an unwritten code. They are morally and physically very tough. They can take it. They keep a stiff upper lip. They grin and bear it. They refuse to discuss their own emotion and despise loquacious swaggerers like Robert Cohn. They hate gushing. They believe in self control and self imposed discipline. They have reached true wisdom in the etymological meaning of the word wisdom. They are those who know- who know that they are mortal and that sooner or later life ends in death. They know that man- whatever he does- will sooner or later be crushed by the hostile forces which surround him and is bound to be defeated- defeated, but not vanquished, for, like Pascal, they believe in the dignity of man, a mere reed, and the weakest that can be found on earth, but even when the universe crushes him, man is still nobler than what kills him, for he knows that he is dying, while the advantage tha t the universe has over him, the universe is unaware of it. 8 (1844) High (1986) has also commented on the lost generation as follows: Man young people the post-World War 1 period had lost their American ideals. At the same time America lost many fine young writers- like e.e. cummings and Hemingway- because they had moved to Paris. Fitz Geralds first novel, This Side of Paradise (1920), describes this new generation. They had grown up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths in man shaken. Two concerns now filled their lives: the fear of poverty and the worship of success. 9 (143) Hemingways The Sun Also Rises proves to be the best of his works and it was also his first proper novel on lost generation of America. The novel stands as a monument over which the whole drama of the lost generation of America has been carved. It was Gertrude Stein the American authoress and Hemingways mentor who for the very first time told E. Hemingway: You are all a lost generation. Hemingway was struck by the comment and used it as an epigraph and also the theme of his first novel, Fiesta (called The Sun Also Rises in US. Ousby (1979) in his essay The Lost Generation comments as follows: Today the lost Generation has come to seem an over-worked catchphrase. Used indiscriminately in its own era, the title has been claimed by successive generations of writers and applied retrospectively to earlier schools, such as the American naturalists. Yet the term remains useful in discussing the novelists of 1920s, if only because epitomizes the way they liked to see themselves. 10 (205) Ousby (1979) further explains the characteristics of the writers of lost generation in following words: Their unique and common experience was a disillusion bred by the First World War. They returned from that conflict to a society whose values seemed hollow and artificial by comparison with the harsh realities of the battle-field. Their alienation from America often took the form of exile and expatriation: Hemingway and Dos Passos spent most of their early adult lives in Europe, while Scott Fitzgerald and Thomas Wolfe were frequent visitors. It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that Paris became the extra-parliamentary centre of American culture in 1920s. It was the shrine to which most ambitious young writers of the era made their pilgrimage. 11 (206) Ousby (1979) in the same essay tells us the factors which affected the writings of the writers of lost generation in the following words: Disillusioned with society in general and America in particular, the novelists of the Lost Generation cultivated a romantic self-absorption- a deliberate retreat into private emotion. They became precocious experts in tragedy, suffering and anguish. The early novels of Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald are peopled by sad, bitter young men who have lost all illusions at an early age; Amory Blaine of This Side of Paradise and Jake Barnes of Fiesta are the prime examples. They are haunted by war memories and by images of violence, cynical about idealism in any form, and given to only the most cryptic and laconic expressions of feeling. 12 (206) Ousby (1979) also comments on the characters introduced to us by the writers of lost generation as follows: The characters of Lost Generation novels live in restless pursuit of excitement and pleasure. Their Europe is not the gallery of cultural objects found in Hawthornes and Jamess fiction: it is a Europe of elegant restaurants, picturesque bars and intriguing local customs. They delight in kicking over the conventional traces (and in the resultant cries of middle- class horror), indulging in heavy drinking and casual sex. 13 (207) It was only Ernest Hemingway, who among the most famous writers of lost generation of America has been able to won the title of the avant-garde writer of the lost generation. His novel The Sun Also Rises was recommended all over the world as a true story featuring real people from the lost generation. This novel also made Hemingway a world-known celebrity. Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments: This book made him, almost instantly, an international celebrity identified with an entire generation, torn by war and grieving throughout the Roaring Twenties for their lost romantic idealism. Although he was somewhat ill-suited for the role, because he was a hard-working young writer with a wife and a son to support, he came to be regarded as the spokesman for American expatriates, those disillusioned and disaffected artists, writers, and intellectuals who spent the decade on the Left Bank in Paris. 14 (87) In his novel The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses Jake as a puppet, a narrator and also his famous code hero. Jake narrates the whole story which Hemingways eye saw sincerely. Nagel (1996) again in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on the character of Jake Barnes as follows: He is certainly one of the most isolated and vulnerable figures in American literature, and he narrates out of his disillusionment and pain, his grief evident throughout. As he says about himself, all he wants is to figure out how he can live in the world. It would seem that telling what happened is part of the process of learning how to live in the special circumstances of his world. 15 (90) Nagel (1996) in his essay Brett and the Other Women in The Sun Also Rises comments on Jake being a representative of lost generation in following words: Hemingway humanized this dichotomy in the character of Jake Barnes by creating a man who bears the wounds of the war in a profoundly personal way yet combines his disillusionment with traditional American values of hard work and just compensation. It is surely an oversimplification to see Jake as an uncompromised representative of lost generation radicalism, for he exhibits much of the midwestern values he sometimes satirizes Above all, it is his judgment that provides the normative sensibility for assessing the people and events of the novel. But to grasp the meaning of what he relates, it is essential to understand the psychological context in which he tells it. 16 (91) Lady Ashley Brett is another important character from the lost generation. She is pure nymphomaniac sort of a woman and is a true representative of the women of the early 20th century. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. Nagel (1996) further says: Brett is not only a women but an extraordinary woman for the age, a point not clear unless she is considered in historical context. Form this perspective, the women in The Sun Also Rises might be regarded as more interesting then the men. The role of women in society had been changing with each decade for a century, always with a good deal of social conflict and ideological struggle. 17 (92) Keeping in mind the agony of Jake due to his relation with Brett, we may easily nominate him as the most suffering person in the novel. His love with Brett makes him feel the pain of his wound which he got during the war, because he could not physically fulfill what he felt. According to Nagel (1996): From the beginning, the world is out of sexual order, the social evening is a parody of erotic potential, and the deeper irony is that this pathology is at the very heart of Jake and Bretts relationship. Their conversation in the taxi reveals the central problem of the novel: that they one another, that they feel that there is nothing they can do about it, that it is painful and destructive for them to be together. Whatever else happens is driven by this fact, and it is impossible for them to change it. The central dilemma for Jake is whether he can change the situation by finding some satisfaction in life. The problem for Brett is that she needs companionship of a man, and no one but Jake can offer her much beyond fleeting sexual pleasure. 18 (94) Jake truly deserves pity because he is the one who lost the most he had during war and even afterwards. His love with Brett gives him nothing except pain and he is also unable to sleep at night due to the agony brought by his love for Brett. Nagel (1996) comments: The loss in the lost generation is sustained primarily by him, and it makes for powerful fiction. The novel works, ultimately, because Jake, in anomalous circumstances, nevertheless presents a normative sensibility in the story he tells. He emerges as a man of intelligence, humor and good sense who lost more than he deserved in World War 1 but learned how to make a life for himself. 19 (105) According to Martin (1987): Jake Barnes and his friends- all of them- are a group because they share the same beliefs and experiences. Except for Robert Cohn, whose differences are less heinous than Jake sometimes thinks them to be, the displaced Americans and Britons are moving through a festival period in their lives, punctuating their aimless existence abroad with an organized visit to Spain for the bullfights. 20 (07) The characters introduced to us by Hemingway live under a peculiar but yet an extraordinary code of life. They behave like a community of people sharing similar set of thoughts and beliefs. Martin (1987) in her New Essays on The Sun Also Rises says: A key theme is the notion of community: These are people who understand each other, the rules they live by, and the reasons for their choices. Only someone outside that community will have difficulty with the social code. Count Mippipopolous may be a stranger to the group, but he understands the code and fits into the society. Robert Cohn, although he spends much time with the members of the group and thinks himself a special friend of both Jake and Brett, never manages to assimilate the rules. Jake, however, is clearly in charge- of the plans, the guest list, the activities, and the emotional nuance. He is the apparent hero of the novel, and his approval or disapproval sets the pattern for the other characters reaction to things. 20 (08) All the characters in the novel The Sun Also Rises seem dissatisfied and unhappy and most of the time they feel themselves useless. Martin (1987) comments on this condition of the characters in following words: There are many reasons for these characters unhappiness. To dwell on irony and pity is just a pastime; the real issues are the lack of alignment between profession and occupation, between lovers, between vacation and work, between ideals of Spain and France, between nature and the commercial. As full of disjunctures as a picture puzzle, The Sun Also Rises still presents a story whole, its fragments necessarily scattered throughout the narrative, and readers accept the fragmentation as one the marks of Hemingways truth. They seize on the purity of Pedro Romero, the wit of the bemused Mike Campbell, the taciturn acceptances of Jake Barnes, the flip bravado of Brett Ashley as the symbols of the characters who survive the onslaught of real life. 21 (16) Chapter 2 Life and Works of Ernest Hemingway 2.1 Birth and Parentage: Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, on July 21st, 1899. His father was a doctor. He spent much of his time in his early days roaming about in the woods, rifle on his shoulders, or rowing out across the water of a large lake in quest of big fish. Although his family owned a cottage on a lake, he usually slept outside in a tent, the dim light of a kerosene lantern flickering long hours into the night over his temporary cot as he laid reading. 2.1.1 His Schooling: In June 1917, Hemingway graduated from Oak Park High School toward the bottom of his class. Meanwhile, war had broken out in Europe and, preferring fighting to college, he tried to get enlisted in the army but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Frustrated, he went away to live with an uncle in Kansas City where he found a job as a reporter in a newspaper. He liked his writing job, but he still had a compelling urge to get into the war, and the opportunity came soon afterwards. On learning that Italy was recruiting ambulance drivers to serve on the Italian front; he gave up his job and became an ambulance driver in Italy. 2.1.2 Injuries of War: Hemingway had been driving behind the lines for only a few days when he found that his work was too safe, in fact, dull. He wanted to serve on the frontlines in the thick of things. So he volunteered for canteen service and was soon riding a bicycle, handing out mail, tobacco, and chocolates to soldiers in the trenches. On his tenth day in Italy as he was handing a chocolate bar to a soldier, a large mortar shell fell near by. Hemingway was almost buried. His body was filled below the waist with over 250 pieces of shrapnel, but after regaining consciousness, he rescued a badly wounded Italian soldier and was turning to help others when he was hit again, with a machine-gun bullet, below the left knee. 2.1.3 Falls in Love with a Nurse: He spent several weeks in a Red Cross hospital and there he fell in love with an English Nurse Agnes. While in Europe, he received several medals for bravery, and then was sent home, limping on a cane. The Hemingway who went back to America was different person from the young man who had left. War, death, suffering, new people, a new language and love had all been crowded into a short period of time. 2.1.4 Disappointment in Love: While his feet and legs healed, he read a lot and impatiently watched the mail until, one day after receiving a letter, he suddenly became ill. He retired into seclusion and for days hardly left his room. Finally, on being repeatedly asked by his family, he revealed that the letter has came form Agnes informing him that she was not coming to America and that she had married an Italian army major. 2.1.5 Failure and Fame: Sad and disappointed, Hemingway went to Paris for study and to make a living by writing. There, he met and became friendly with some of the worlds greatest literary figures of that day- James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and others. But despite their advice and help, he could not sell his literary attempts. Manuscript after manuscript kept coming back from editors, usually without a single word of encouragement, and with only a printed rejection slip. One day, he was sitting at a side walk caf on the Left Bank in Paris and complaining to a friend about his ill luck. The friend observed that perhaps the reason why Hemingways writings did not sell was that he had not suffered enough and that he did not know misery. Hemingway bitterly replied, So I have not known misery! So thats what you think! Then at first seemingly lost in memory, he narrated the story of his lost love, Agnes, the English nurse. He told his friend about the suffering he had endured in World War 1. Later, he pu t the story on paper in the form of a novel, A Farewell to Arms. The book proved to be immensely popular and Hemingway found himself famous. We could probably say that an unhappy love affair and his unhappy experiences in war were the motivating factor which made him being a great author. 2.1.6 Reporting in Spain: He went on writing and was now a successful and established writer. He traveled extensively, hunting in Africa and the Far East, fishing in numerous oceans and seas. He felt greatly attracted by bull-fighting in Spain and spent several years in that country. He covered the Spanish Civil War for American newspapers and could not resist getting into the fight in Madrid. By then, he was known as Papa, a bearded huge figure of a man who joked and swore with the best of the soldiers. 2.1.7 World War II: When World War II began, Hemingway, then living in Cuba, armed his own boat as a submarine chaser and patrolled the Atlantic Coast off the United States. But in 1942, he was in the thick of battle again as a magazine correspondent. He flew from England on bombing missions and became an expert on German rockets. Near the end of the war, he was among the first wave of troops to storm the Normandy beach in 1944. After the war, he retired to Cuba to fish and write. One book proved a failure, and his critics remarked that Papas carrier was over. 2.1.8 The Nobel Prize: Then, in 1952, after years of work, he brought out The Old Man and the Sea, a tale of the struggle of a single, old fisherman against the powers of fate and the ocean. It was the story he had been trying to write all his life, and it brought him the Pulitzer Prize for 1953. In the following year he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Suffering from injuries in plane crashes while hunting wild game in Africa, Hemingway could not go to Sweden to receive the Nobel Prize but in a letter to the Academy he declared that the writers life was a lonely one, and that if he shed his loneliness, his work would deteriorate. Still living in Cuba, Hemingway continued writing short stories, novels, and magazine articles. But he also began to take life easier, spending more time on his fishing boat with his wife, whom he called Miss Mary. No one can work everyday in these hot months without going stale, he wrote during this period. To break up the pattern of work, we fish the Gulf Stream in t he spring and summer months and in the fall. 2.1.9 A Life of Adventure: Hemingways sixty-two years were packed with excitement. Living through adventure after adventure, he told stories of his life and love on jungles, the two World Wars in which he played a part in Europe, and a giant 1000-pound fish he battled off the Coast of Cuba. But his writing was more than just adventure stories; he helped to set the style for the modern novel. His lean, muscular prose and dramatic plots have, perhaps, been copied more than any other modern authors and his work has been translated into all the worlds major languages. 2.1.10 Ill Health and Suicide: But Hemingway was growing old. His hair and beard had turned white. His old wounds were bothering him. He had to keep standing while writing, and he was frequently unwell. Then Castro took over in Cuba, and Hemingway and Miss Mary returned to America, living in Idaho. He spent a few months in hospitals, began losing weight, and saw his creative ability declining. Early one morning on July 1961, he slipped on the stairs in his home and, not wishing to prolong his suffering, killed himself with a gun. Perhaps he had concluded, like the old fisherman in his novel, that he had no luck anymore. 2.2 His Works: Influenced by Ezra Pound and particularly by Gertrude Stein whose style strongly affected him, Hemingway published Three Stories and Ten Poems in 1923 and In Our Time (a collection of short stories) in 1925. These early stories exhibited the attitude of mind and technique for which Hemingway later became famous. As the leading spokesman for the lost generation, he expressed the feelings of war-wounded people disillusioned by the loss of faith and hope, and so thoroughly defeated by the collapse of former values that they could turn only to a stoic acceptance of primal emotions. The stories are mainly concerned with tough people, both intelligent men and women who have dropped into an exhausted cynicism or such primitives as frontiers-men, Indians, and professional athletes whose essential courage and honesty are implicitly contrasted with the brutality of civilized society. Emotion is neglected while bare happenings are recorded, and emphasis is obtained by sarcasm and spare dialogue . 2.2.1 The Torrents of Spring (1926): It is hardly ever read nowadays. At the time, however, it attracted considerable attention. It is a satirical book in which Hemingway mocks at Sherwood Anderson, Henry James, H.L. Mencken, Gertrude Stein and D.H. Lawrence. The book earned him some enemies. Anderson was hurt and puzzled to find his supposed pupil turning on him: he probably had not realized that Hemingway had never been an uncritical hero-worshipper. Gertrude Stein attacked him in her autobiography declaring that Hemingway was jealous because she and Anderson had taught him all the new about writing, about bullfighting and boxing. To this charge Hemingway subsequently replied in his novel The Green Hills of Africa in which he declared that it was a pity to see Gertrude Steins talent having been devoted to malice, nonsense, and self praise. 2.2.2 Hemingways First Great Novel: Hemingway adopted the style and attitude of his short stories into his first great novel, The Sun Also Rises 1926. This book tells about the moral collapse of a group of expatriated Americans and Englishmen broken by the war, who turned toward escape through all possible violent diversions. 2.2.3 Papas Second Great Novel: Success in fictional craftsmanship and in portraying the mind of an era was again achieved in A Farewell to Arms 1927, the tragic love story of an English nurse and an American ambulance driver during the war. 2.2.4 Some Short Stories by Hemingway: After publishing further distinguished collections of short stories, Men without Women and Winner Take Nothing, he wrote two books Death In The Afternoon 1932, a book on bullfighting, and Green Hills of Africa 1935, an account of his hunting experiences in Africa. With digressions only literary matters these books show a further cultivation of the primitive and brutal levels, contrasted with the hollow culture that had cheated Hemingways generation. 2.2.3 Hemingway on Social Issues: In To Have and Have Not 1937, Hemingway for the first time showed his interest in a possible solution of social problems through collective action. He continued this attitude in newspaper articles from Spain about the Civil War there. Then he wrote The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories 1938, in which appeared two of his finest stories: The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber and The Snows of Kilimanjaro. 2.2.4 The Longest Novel: For Whom the Bell Tolls 1944 is the longest novel by Hemingway and is based on an incident in the Spanish Civil War, has universality in its theme that the loss of liberty is loss of everything. 2.2.5 Award Wining Novel: The Old Man and The Sea written in 1952 was the last and perhaps the finest novel ever written by Ernest Hemingway. Its an allegorical novel in which man fights against nature for his luck and survival. The theme of the novel is no doubt the aim of Hemingways own life that a man can be destroyed but cannot be defeated. Chapter 3 The Lost Generation The Sun Also Rises was aimed by Hemingway at his own generation. He says so in its two epigraphs, one is from Ecclesiastes: One generation passes away and another generation comes; but the earth abides forever. The other is Gertrude Steins re-echoed judgment: You are all a lost generation. In the novel The Sun Also Rises are exhibited all the European pleasures which Hemingway and Fitzgerald were presenting. Going to bars, spending night in drinking alcohol and having fervent sexual activities was the greatest part of the lives of the generation called the lost generation by Gertrude Stein. Hemingway brings before us a group of unhappy US expatriates living in different parts of Europe. As no one in the novel The Sun Also Rises seems happy except Pedro Romero, the handsome young bullfighter and Lady Brett Ashley who adds him to her sex circle. Jake Barnes the narrator of the The Sun Also Rises is a real suffering man and the code hero of the story is emasculated by a war wound. We can say that all the characters taken as the representatives of the lost generation are desperate people. They all hide their desperation behind drinking and talking and being rude to those who do not know the code (the code of life). Throughout the novel The Sun Also Rises we see a number of young people making the rounds of the bars in Paris and resorts in Spain, talking, drinking, fishing, attending bullfights and making love. According to Gorman (1926): Through this group and through a shift of scene from the Left Bank in Paris to Pamplona in Spain during fiesta- time, Hemingway manages to achieve a vitriolic albeit manifestly impartial portrait of what might be called the over-nerved and over-sophisticated colony of expatriates in Europe. 1 The lost generation also refers to the time period from the end of the World War1 to the beginning of the Great Depression. Moreover, the term is often used for the generation of young people coming of age in the United States during and shortly after the World War1. It has been already mentioned that it was Gertrude Stein who for the very first time who named the generation that came of age during the World War 1 as the lost generation. This phrase spread quickly throughout the whole world as a trade mark of the generation of the early 20th century in America. The world adopted it as an accurate description of the age as most of them spent their adulthood in working, fighting and dying in war. They did not really get time for enjoying and making spree, as war attacked them suddenly and badly. The horrible conflict took them so suddenly they did not even realize that it has taken away their each and everything. The Great War set new standards for death and immortality in war. The war shattered all the beliefs in traditional values of love, faith and manhood. It happened directly after the war that all the illusion got vanished from the minds of the Americans. They came to realize that death is the worst in all mysteries and the greatest of all the secrets of the world, when it reveals itself. And death is the truest and the most bitter of all the truths of the life. Young men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers like Ernest Hemingway deliberately offered themselves for the country because of the illusion of bravery they had over their minds. They thought they were strong and were the men of war. But all their illusions washed away when most of them, in fact a large number of them killed by the first bullet which pierced their chests. It was the time when the sense of pain, anguish and prevailing death struck the fragile sheet of illusion and shattered it into innumerable fragments. It was the point where they realized that they were immortal and death is for everyone. This was the stage where weapons took lead over manhood and the power of the muscles on which the American men felt proud but nothing proved worth in war. The powerful men, enthusiastic soldiers and juvenile teenagers were all on the mercy of a single bullet. Most of them got killed and others got physically and psychologically hurt. With the loss of man power and different body organs they were no-men and thats why they have been represented by the character of an impotent Jake. Even after the war the war veterans were scared and psychologically suffering as the war memories haunted their minds constantly. And due to the sense of physically weak and being handicaps they lost their remaining interests in life which lead them to become a lost generation. Hemingway (1979) comments in Men at War as follows: When you go to war as a boy you have a great illusion of immortality. Other people get killed; not you. It can happen to other people; but not to you. Then when you are badly wounded the first time you lose that illusion and you know it can happen to you. After being severely wounded two weeks before my nineteenth birthday I had a bad time until I figured it out that nothing could happen to me that had not happened to all men before me. 2 Drinking, dancing, having sex and sleepless nights became the most important sectors of the lives of men and women of the post-war American society. They refused to follow; in fact they rebelled against the traditional concepts of social code of American life. They adapted a new code, a self-made code, n new way of living where there was no space for spiritual and religious values, no charm for married life, no respect for tradition and customs and no regard for any old pattern of life. They became morally and mentally sick. Most of the time they remained drunk and used to have fervent sex. Hemingway by writing his novel The Sun Also Rises brings before the readers the new changes that took place in the post-war new American generation which Gertrude Stein named the lost generation. First of all Hemingway with the help of his puppets Jake and Brett describes the impact of war on sex. Jake has been shown impotent by Hemingway for two reasons. First of all his impotency is the symmbol of the impotency of the men who took part in the war. The world man means more than a male figure to Hemingway. A man is a symbol of power, dignity and sexual energy. To Hemingway a man means soldiers, a fighter and a worshipper of true norms and values of life. Hemingways man is not made for defeat. But Jake is a true loser, he lost is manhood, he lost his illusions, in fact he lost everything in war and even afterwards he loses his beloved Brett. Next, Jake stands as a symbol of destructiveness of sex by war. Hemingway taunts and teaches his lost generation who has become a victim of illeg al sexual relations and is destroying the other sectors of its social life by being involved in frequent sex. Both men and women violated sex. The reason behind such frequent sex lies in the mass killing of male members of the American society during World War 1. A huge number of American women became widows as their husbands got killed or in other words sacrificed their lives for their country during war. Brett is a true example of such women as she also lost her husband in war. Brett consequently turned nymphomaniac due to starving sexual emotions and similar was the case with most of the post-war American women who due to the feelings of being insecure and man-less turned bitches like Brett does in the novel The Sun Also Rises. The sexual thirst also lead the male characters like Cohn to violate his code of ethics and he attacks Jake, Mike and Romero as well. It has also been seen that Bretts desire for sex prevents her from entering into a proper relation with Jake, although she loves him. Hence we can conclude that it is sex that undermines Cohns respect and Brett-Jake relation. Gorman (1926) comments: The structure of the book is easily outlined. It is concerned with the effect of Lady Ashley on four men: Jake Barnes, who tells the story; Robert Cohn, a young Jew; Michael Campbell, engaged to Lady Ashley, and Romero, a young bullfighter. 3 Lady Brett is the factor that is resulting in the negative consequences of sex and is also resulting in the destruction of relations and the code of life. Brett is representing the liberated women of post-war American society who did not hesitate to have sexual relations with multiple men. Brett by having multiplex sexual relations with different men bred envy and jealousy among them which always results in disaster. By portraying the character of Brett in such fashion Hemingway shows his hatred for the nymphomaniac women of his age and he is also teaching a lesson to the male members of the society by taunting the cruel and vicious women. According to Nagel (1996), Brett is by no means the first representation of a sexually liberated, free-thinking woman in American literature but rather an embodiment of what became known as the New Woman in nineteenth-century fiction. 4 The war in a true sense revealed upon the American men that what it meant to be masculine. The pre-war idea of being brave and fighting as a soldier was totally crushed by the brutal war. Survival depended just upon ones luck rather than bravery. The traditional concepts of what I meant to be a man were completely undermined by the realities of war. Jake in the novel represents the new man of post-war America. In fact he is a man apparently, but inwardly war has rendered him impotent which in other words means unmanly. He carries the burden of being impotent and feels he is less of a man than he was before war. Through this masculine insecurity of Jake, Hemingway puts before us the insecurity felt by the war veterans who felt insecure in their manhood. Hemingway doest not state this fact directly but shows it in Cohns pursuit of Brett. This behavior of Cohn is regarded unmanly by Hemingway as Brett is not a real woman but a nymphomaniac. Similarly Hemingway presents Brett a woman, wh o is manlier as compared to other male characters. She is a very liberal minded and a physically strong woman. She has a boyish haircut and she is sexually independent and does sex with any male of her choice. However, on the other hand the male characters are running after her as her pets. Another characteristic behavior of the lost generation of Hemingway shown in The Sun Also Rises is that they were anti-Semitists. Anti-Semitism is a behavior or belief hostile towards Jews. In the novel we see most of the time Robert Cohn is seen with extreme hatred by the other characters. Jake is apparently is his friend but hates him inwardly and even while narrating the story and introducing Cohn he seems unhappy and unimpressed although he knows that Cohn was a superb boxer. There are two reasons behind hating Jews on part of Americans and British people at that time. First they were Jews by religion and in Christian religious teachings it is taught to the Christian to hate the Jews. Through a Christians point of view Jews are inferior and should be abominated. Secondly, Jews were being hated due to their German background. Everyone knows that it was Germany who launched war by attacking several parts of the world specially America and England. So thats why Cohn was the center o f hatred of Americans and Britons. W.H. Auden states a similar kind of theme in his poem Say This City has Ten Million Souls. The sense of the poem is the estrangement of the immigrants which were Jews of German origin which they faced in a new country (America). The poet laments at the inhuman treatment which the immigrants met at the hands of the local people. The refugees did not enjoy any sense of respect and honor even in a country like America. The poet refers to the case of Jews who migrated to America during the war but they were not treated well by the local population. They were refused to have new passports to go back to their country. They were not given any place of shelter to live. Auden satirizes by saying that Americans have a spared place for their pets but not for us (Jews). Hemingway though he never explicitly states that Jake and his fellow men and women were a lost generation and were living an aimless life and that their aimlessness was a result of war. He implies these ideas through his portrayal of the characters emotional and psychological lives. They were no longer able to believe and rely upon the traditional American beliefs which gave meaning to life. Those men and women who experienced the war became psychologically and morally lost and like the characters of The Sun Also Rises they wandered here and there in search of happiness and rest. Their activities were drinking, traveling, and debauchery which show their aimlessness and disillusionment. They wanted to escape from their meaningless lives. But they were nevertheless helpless and unable to escape their misery as war had rendered them handicaps and impotent. In short the post-war American society served as a blinker for Ernest Hemingway through which he focused on the suffering lost generation of America. Hemingway, as he was a part of the society and a member of the lost generation, had a lot of pity for his fellow men who suffered at hands of war. He by writing an account of brutalities and impacts of war on his people exhibited the effect of war on the society and the new norms and values set after the World War 1. Hemingway realized from his own war wounds the pain felt by his fellow men. He learnt from his own restlessness and aimlessness that his generation was suffering a great deal. He shows his sincerity with his generation and his love for his traditional values of life by taunting and criticizing the follies and faults of his society. He is no less than a saint for his people because he taught them the negative consequences of war and the illusion they had on their minds. He taught them the lesson that all human beings are imm ortal and war is not the solution of everything. To conclude we may say that his preaching is based on hatred for war and love for humanity and values and norms of life. Chapter 4 Post Traumatic Stress In this chapter we will have an insight into the main cause of the disillusionment of the post-war American society. This chapter will mainly deal with the impact and effect of World War 1 on the psychology of the American people and also the psychology of Ernest Hemingway. It has already been observed that Ernest Hemingways main concern was the post-war American society and the psychological state of the suffering minds of the people. Hemingway presents before us a generation of people who were completely lost and disillusioned by the aftermath of the World War 1 and hence this generation got named the lost generation. The marked features of this generation were aimlessness, restlessness, wandering place to place in search of pleasure and going to bars for drinking and sex. Now the reason behind such activities of human beings lies in the psychological study of mind and human behavior in daily life. The first thing to keep in mind is the effects of war on human mind. The war serves as a trauma for human mind causing anxiety, fear, restlessness and lack of sleep (insomnia) to those who somehow become a part of war. The war incidents and after-war memories of those incidents cause a lot of stress over human mind making it impossible for the person victimized by the war. The similar thing happened to the Americas lost generation, because they participated in the World War 1 as soldiers, drivers and nurses. The horrific conflict made them suffer a lot during and after the war. Most of them got killed by the brutal war while others got sever injuries. But those who survived the war were no less than psycho patients. Most of the remaining members of the post-war American society felt victims to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a mental disease caused by the Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome. PTSD is a sever kind of state of mind in which the patient suffers due to a trauma or a shock which he had in his previous life. Trauma or shock can be delivered by an accident, fight with someone, war, rape, etc. The patient suffering with PTSD shows the symptoms of insomnia (lack of sleep), excessive intake of sleeping pills, drinking alcohol, lack of confidence, etc. Now coming back to the post-war American society and keeping an eye over the characters introduced to us by Ernest Hemingway in The Sun Also Rises we see a lot of war victims, after being crushed by the war felt victims to PTSD. First of all we see the most sufferin g character in all characters that is Jake Barnes. He served his country in World War 1 and got injury in his genitals which emasculated him. Jake despite being an active and a responsible person of the society shows the symptoms of PTSD in him. He could not sleep at night and is most of the time haunted by the war memories. We see him in a very agonizing state of mind due to two main reasons. First of all he lost all he had in war as war rendered him impotent. The consequences of this impotency badly effected his love relation with Brett because he was unable to consummate his love. Although love is self-destructive force but Jakes agony is the worst because he feels sexual urge for Brett but could not fulfill it due to having no erection. All these factors make Jake a real suffering PTSD patient. Then we have Robert Cohn as a victim of PTSD. He despite having a reputation as an athlete and a boxer was suffering from lack of confidence. He is totally out casted by the society just because he is a Jew. We see him feeling himself inferior to other characters. Due to this he starts running after such women who show a little courtesy towards him. Cohn though is not much affected by war but still shows some traits of characters which put him in list of PTSD victims. Then is the character of the war-nurse Lady Ashley Brett. She is also a victim of war-trauma because she lost her husband in war. The effects of PTSD are also very harsh on her and she turns nymphomaniac. Having the feelings of loneliness and man-less she creates the character of 20th century liberated woman. She represents the new women of 20th century who were sexually independent. Brett had multiplex sex relations and she could have sex with any man of her choice. Now watching these characters from Hemingways point of view we find that all of these characters are type characters and are depiction of psychological state of mind of the PTSD suffering lost generation. Each character, whether Jake, Cohn or Brett, represents a particular group of people who suffered the trauma of war. And it is Hemingways staunch observation and his involvement in his society and the analysis of the psychological behavior of his members of society that he presents them truly before us. Hemingways works are an exhibition of his confessions and his exposure to his society. It often happens that we find him within the story walking along his characters. As a soldier in World War 1 he himself got injured and recollected the war-memories afterwards. It will not be false to say that Hemingway himself was a victim of PTSD and war memories and fears haunted him as well. His own illusions got shattered due to the brutal effects of war and war injuries and that is why he created an impotent Jake as a hero of his novel. Jake is actually Hemingway himself, whose philosophy and mentality is entirely based upon Nada that means nothing. For Hemingway man is born into a real world that is natural and has a physical shape but this world is totally indifferent towards mankind. He believes that all the forces in the universe are trying to crush man but the man is always undefeated. Hemingway believes that this is a world without purpose, order, meaning or value and there is no God li ke thing at all. Darkness to Hemingway is equal to death and this is the reason why Hemingway and his heroes are sleepless at night due to the fear of death. Light is a symbol of hope for Hemingway and his heroes and thats why they are always in search of a luminous place. Mankind according to Hemingways point of view is victim of irrational accidents like wars, death, loss and destruction of universe. To Hemingway man is born with many illusions and his belief upon God is his greatest illusion because this is a Godless universe. For Hemingway, all traditional, religious and philosophical explanations of the universe are false illusions which turn to disillusion when man is victimized by an irrational disaster or a calamity and then man finds peace and rest in activities which give him immediate pleasure (good food, drink, sex, etc). To Hemingway this universe is a place where only the fittest and the toughest can survive as the disastrous powers of universe are all the time trying to crush civilization and mankind. Hemingways aim of life and his philosophys main theme is that a man can be destroyed but can not be defeated. Similar is his point of view about the human civilization which is fighting against the powers of universe. He says that universe is always destroying the generations after generations of mankind but a man should always remain optimistic in his approach towards life. If one generation goes, then another generation comes and the earth abides forever. This is the lesson for the readers from Hemingway that despite all the calamities and the despair, one should be optimistic in his approach towards life and one should always be hopeful.

Biblical Essay - 1362 Words

Intertwined. Bodies against the altar. Lips on her neck. Innocent eyes angled upwards, focused on the stained glass portrait of Jesus. He was watching her commit a sin, a deadly sin of lust. A prickling feeling rose in Faith’s stomach – this is so wrong – but the feeling of her lover’s lips seemed to make it feel so right. The man lifted his gaze to hers; those brown, stormy eyes belonged to a man who had always told her right from wrong, and always spoke the words of God. â€Å"My dear,† Father Cain’s voice was soft, calming, but he spoke quickly, â€Å"shall we leave now?† He was smiling with a lopsided grin, one cheek higher than the other. There was a knowing look in his eyes, dark, brooding, and cunning. Faith felt her face begin to burn, and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"A way with words?† He asked, dazed. â€Å"You see the words in the Bible as they were written. You understand the true meaning of the Scriptures and the morals they teach us. With the Bible behind you, you could ask anything of these people and they’d listen.† Father Cain squinted at the man in front of him, and gave him a hearty handshake. â€Å"Thank you. That†¦ means a lot to me.† * The following week, the girl dropped another twenty-dollar note into the collection basket. As the basket made its way back to Father Cain, he noticed the amount of money in the woven container. There was spare change, as always, but also notes – at least five hundred dollars’ worth this time. His mind began to wander, to all the amazing things he could do if all the money was his – amazing luxuries, expensive technology, or a ticket to a place far away. The thought was tempting. Father Cain’s eyes flickered to the portrait of Jesus, and then back to the money. He arched his neck to view his parish, and his eyes landed on the girl and her father – â€Å"With the Bible behind you, you could ask anything of these people and they’d listen.† His blood started pumping faster as a thought crossed his mind – I could take the money for myself, just this time. Ask them to give more money, and that can be donated to charity. It’s not a sin, it’s not greed, and it’s not bad at all. Without hesitating, he turned to face the people, back straight, chin to the sky. â€Å"I am disappointed. What ever happened toShow MoreRelatedBiblical Hermeneutics Essay3733 Words   |  15 Pagesâ€Å"Biblical Hermeneutics† By: Rev. Clint A. Starnes September 7th, 2013 In its most basic definition, biblical hermeneutics refers to the art and science of biblical interpretation. It is considered an art because understanding, which is required for interpretation, requires a feel for the subject matter being interpreted, not just an analyzation of data. Biblical hermeneutics is also considered a science due to the fact that some aspects of the interpretation processRead MoreBiblical World View Bibl 104 Essay examples894 Words   |  4 Pagesmight classify them; and it reminds me that whether you call it the Vibe or not those one on one connections are our chance to help change someoneelses life and conceptions. Biblical Worldview Essay Grading Rubric Student:| Criteria|PointsPossible|PointsEarned|Instructor’s Comments| Content: Does the essay cover the subject as thoroughly as possible? Are at least 2 topics covered? Does it demonstrate a personal understanding of the subject?|50||| Introduction: Is there a clear introductoryRead Morebook review: biblical studies what they dont tell yoi Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesGuide to Biblical Studies by Michael Joseph Brown and published by Westminster John Know Press is a book that provides basic information about biblical criticism. 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In writing to the followers in the church in the city of Rome He makes it clear he wishes he could visit them (Romans 1:8-17) but is writing this letter to clear up the dissension between an identity crisis between the Jewish and Gentile members of the church as to whether they were to live by the law or by grace. Through this letterRead MoreBiblical Worldview Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Worldview: According to Paul Justin Wilson BIBL 110-D21 November 12, 2015 Having a worldview contributes to each person’s evaluation of origins, which in return will impact each individuals life choices. Holmes defines a worldview that â€Å"is not disengaged theology; rather it represents the beliefs and values and purposes that guide our work, play, family, and society.† While many worldviews seek answers to life’s fundamental questions, Christians stand on the foundation of a biblical

Exercise And Physiotherapy Delivery During The Elderly

Further investigations were conducted by (Devos, Comby, Cronan Roesch, 2006) into the combined effects PCST, exercise and physiotherapy delivery. The results indicated that this combination not only improved an individual’s function and reported pain levels but there were psychological improvements in the individuals who participated in the study. A major disadvantage with delivery of this type of combined therapy is that specialised psychologists that deal in PCST are limited and don’t have easy access to specialised heath professionals to deliver the combined therapy program (Devos-Comby, Cronan Roesch, 2006). The other intervention in managing OA in the elderly is surgical intervention. This form of intervention and outcomes is†¦show more content†¦The second factor is wether the intervention should be an arthroscopy procedure or a full joint replacement. An arthroscopy involves the inserting of an arthrocscope into the joint in order to undertake a lavage procedure. The aim is to remove particulate matter such as cartridge and debride articular surfaces of calcium and osteophyte’s, to leave them smooth. Arthroscopic procedures ideally should aim to decrease synovitis and restore mechanical function, which interferes with joint movement. In a comparative study by (Kirkley et al., 2008), the effects of arthroscopic surgery were assessed for individuals who had [K-L 3, 4] OA of the knee. The 1st group underwent an arthroscopic procedure with physiotherapy and medical management while the 2nd group just had physiotherapy and medical management. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the groups based on WOMAC scores from the initial 8 week assessment till the end of the study period of 2 years. This illustrates that arthroscopic procedure may have very little intervention value for such level of OA in the knee. In relation to total knee replacements (TKR) the efficacy on their effectiveness primarily depends on the postoperative management. In a study by (Moffet et al., 2004) recipients of TKR were divided into 2 groups. One group underwent supervised intense functional retraining (IFR) while in hospital (ie exercises, physiotherapy)

Middle class person Essay Example For Students

Middle class person Essay JB. Priestleys, An inspector calls is a political play based mainly on the segregated classes and statuss in 1912 Britain and attitudes between those social divides. The story is based around a rich middle class family; all with their own scandalous secrets confided to present an opulent front to everyone, including one another. Each person is cleverly exposed by an apparent inspector, who digs deep into their consciouss and attempts to break through their upper-class moulds and uncover their own personal guilt from their actions which led to the death of a young woman, Eva Smith. The play was written in 1945 but based in 1912, Priestly did this because he believed that there were the same social divides evident in his modern day society and wanted to show in contrast to the audience the lack of change needed throughout the past decades and need for change for the future generation. I am going to explore how JB. Priestly presents his views on social responsibility in the play, to do this I will break down the social hierarchy into separate classes and explain each social status, rebellions and the inspectors unapparent class. The Birlings themselves regard themselves high up in the social hierarchy. To hold up their own moral superiority they present themselves with a look of success and step into their own premade clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ stereotypes as rich people by speaking highly of themselves. As seen by Mr birling as he describes the titanic as unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable The statement that the titanic is unsinkable is in actual fact completely wrong and so the audience immediately voids Mr Birlings opinions and loses respect and belief in his character. Then supports his own comment with a profound sense of self importance by saying As I speak as a heard-headed businessman. With saying that he is pointing out his dominance and authority over anyone elses opinions because he is underlining his own status. Mr Birling himself embodies the smug upper-class snob-like character Priestly wanted to show. Also the statement regarding the Titanic is completely incorrect, and so the audience would straight away not take Mr Birling seriously and loose respect for his character. Also by him stating something so wrong and then supporting that comment it highlights to the audience Priestleys socialist views that rich, middle-class people may think they are right, but just because they are financially richer than others, it doesnt mean that their opinions are any stronger or any more right then anyone elses, and by Priestly using Mr Birling as a tool to do this he creates a well formed stereotype of a rich society. Mr and Mrs Birling represent the older generation of people living in 1912, stuck in the old times, ridden with anti-equality views, in belief that they are somewhat above most in their own hierarchical power structures constructed by their own egocentric selves. Their beliefs are challenged at a point where after the inspector has exposed the many actions by their family that brought Eva smith to take her own life. Sheila and Eric, which are seen as the younger generation, began to question their parents authority and think for themselves. Sheila states in reply to her parents un-willingness to co-operate and except responsibility for their wrongs saying it frightens me the way you talk, and I cant listen to anymore of it by saying that she is making a stand and refusing to hear anymore of what they have to say. This shows a halt in their own generation and the symbolisation of Priestleys hope for the future generation, that people from all social classes will open their eyes to the situations of others, empathise with them and demolish the social hierarchy. Priestleys views on social responsibility are explicit as he shows the cyclical nature of the issues regarding the older generation in their society. .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .postImageUrl , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:hover , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:visited , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:active { border:0!important; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:active , .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6 .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u20d7e563c670e25c5855764ae8cbebd6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet : Development of Juliet's Character EssayThis is shown through the ending of the play, where the police calls and Mr birling is told an inspector is on his way to ask some questions regarding the death of a girl on her way to the infirmary after swallowing some disinfectant. This represents that if there isnt an innovation or change in the status seeking upper-class of who gratify the incommensurated classes that the social hierarchy will live in an ever ending cycle, equality will be unknown and society will never change for the better. There are strong gender roles evident within the characters of an inspector calls, as in 1912 social stereotypes were stamped across the genders throughout civilisation. Sheilas character developed and altered significantly through the inspectors questioning. At the beginning of the play Sheilas character is categorised under her own jealous, emotional, materialistic gender stereotype as shown in her happiness in her engagement you be careful or Ill start weeping, crying symbolises weakness in a character and often women in 1912th society were judged weak, emotional, and under men, and so by showing this to a 1942 it highlights the issues regarding gender stereotypes and the negative affect they have on their society. There is a steady insubordination of Sheilas rebellion against her gender role, and so by the end of the play she starts to stand up against her fathers dominant male character and therefore breaking through the mould in her own male dominated society, she does this by refusing to go back to how things were, knowing her father, Mr birling would and therefore rebelling against his wishes saying you began to learn something. And now youve stopped. Youre ready to go on in the same old way. Priestly uses these conventionalized gender stereotypes because he still believed that despite the changes in society the war had brought, not enough had been done to stop the pressure of conformation to gender stereotypes. So by showing the conformities and seclusion between genders, then how Sheila and Eva had rebelled against those stereotypes it shows that if people in decades ago pre-war could revolt against isolation of their own pre-made gender roles, that people in 1942 society should be able to move on from un-equality between genders and start pulling together as a society, regardless of gender and move forward. In the inspectors concluding speech Priestly is infact completely voicing his opinions through the inspector, he is directing his views straight towards the audience and the characters on stage by strongly delivering his beliefs and his assumptions. He indicates and expresses his thoughts on the current situations of people from the apparent underclass with lives related to those of Eva Smith and exaggerating his point to create a strong impact on the characters and audience, he says One Eva Smith has gone there are millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths left with us all intertwined` with our lives. This is an example of priestly most obvious and strongest view of social responsibility. Throughout the story the inspector is telling a morbid tale, of which none of the circumstances of the death involved can be helped or changed, but leaves on a note where no matter who in the audience, no matter what class nor social status, will and does have the chance to help someone less fortunate than themselves, and at whatever point in their life have they been anything less of kind to those apparently socially inferior to them it is never to late to change and reform into a better society, as seen by Sheila and Eric. In conclusion I believe Priestly was successful in his aim to demonstrate and express his own political and socialist views. As through the story he established the realism of the social classes and how it is possible to break free though those stereotypical moulds. As the younger generation in the Birlings began to challenge and undermine their parents unjust authority and think for themselves without being controlled, by doing this he is showing the brighter side for the future generation and how he himself would like to within his power grasp society and show them the light through this play. .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .postImageUrl , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:hover , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:visited , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:active { border:0!important; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:active , .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894 .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17afb590cf0196fe91918e737e553894:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Write a detailed critical analysis of act three scene one of the play Romeo and Juliet EssayI believe that upon a middle class person watching this play it would have affected them, perhaps not those in the same social stubbornness as the elder Birlings, but others would have been. I think this would have opened theyre eyes to a poorer world below theyre fancy lifestyles and the harsh realization of the desperate lives of the working class and might have been moved to do something, or at least stop in their prejudice towards those socially below them.